European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies
European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies (EJMS) is a multidisciplinary, open-access, and peer-reviewed research journal. EJMS welcomes and acknowledges high-quality theoretical and empirical original research papers in the fields of Humanities and Multidisciplinary Studies, case studies, review articles, literature reviews, book reviews, conceptual frameworks, analytical and simulation models, and technical notes from researchers, academicians, professional and practitioners from all over the world. Contemporary societies face many complex issues due to globalization. Therefore, a multidisciplinary research approach is required in various scientific fields to contribute together to society's wellbeing.
Slobodan Milosevic in the Diplomatic Treatment during the Kosovo War Period, during Talks in the British Parliament, 1998–1999 (Abridged)
The war in Kosovo, the final internal conflict of the Yugoslav Federation, captured the attention of Europe, particularly the United Kingdom. Parliamentary sessions extensively debated the war, with Serbian President Slobodan Milosevic as the central figure, assigning him primary responsibility for the crisis. The British government, led by Prime Minister Tony Blair, elevated the Kosovo events to a foreign policy priority, shifting its focus from Globalism to addressing the ethnic problem in Kosovo. Blair was among the first European politicians to publicly state in the House of Commons that Milosevic was carrying out ethnic cleansing. Despite close British-American cooperation, London viewed the conflict as a continental issue requiring a European resolution. While effectively a war criminal, British policy maintained that Milosevic should only be formally labeled a criminal following judgment by the Hague Tribunal. The significance of Milosevic’s treatment is evident in the government-opposition debates, which confronted differing evaluations of his actions. His ultimate decline is traced from his refusal to sign the Rambouillet Agreement. Attention was also given to the role of Russian diplomacy, which was initially praised under Boris Yeltsin for securing humanitarian intervention but later criticized for providing support to Serbia after the launch of NATO bombings. Slobodan Milosevic, the final major political figure of dictatorial Yugoslavia, received comprehensive analysis in British parliamentary talks.
Slobodan Milosevic, British Parliament, Tony Blair, Kosovo, ONAT
Copyright (c) 2025 European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
How Rituals and Practices Can Influence Society in Émile Durkheim's View; Example of Intercultural Communities from Romanian Society
Émile Durkheim, one of the foundational thinkers of sociology, saw religion—not simply as belief—but as a matrix of rituals, practices, and sacred symbols which perform crucial social functions. In particular, rituals sustain collective consciousness, reinforce moral norms, create social cohesion, and bridge individual existence with the social order. This article examines how rituals and religious practices influence society from Durkheim's perspective, especially in contemporary, plural, intercultural settings. It then applies those ideas to examples drawn from intercultural or multiethnic communities in Romania (especially Hungarian and Turkish-Tartar minorities) to illustrate how rituals function in maintaining solidarity, identity, negotiation of difference, and the challenges that arise. Finally, the article considers what these insights suggest for policy, education, and future research in multiethnic societies.
sociology, Durkheim, religion, practices, Romanians, ethnicity, rituals, collective effervescence.
Copyright (c) 2024 European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Influence of Practices through Interreligious Dialogue: Types of Participations, Issues, Solutions and Effects that Arise
Due to technological evolution, migration, and the increasing interest in travel (business, service, health, or purely relaxing), the world is undergoing significant social, cultural, and linguistic changes. Although terms like "East," "West," and "Middle East" are still used, they have become simple "geographic" landmarks, as cultures and traditions increasingly interfere due to the formation of mixed societies. This article discusses how this "modern society"—which is forming new global cultures adapted and influenced by technology—is influenced by religious practices. It is a fact that society has been, is, and will be influenced by faith, as even the idea of unbelief is an expression of faith. Until recently, "interreligious dialogues" rarely mentioned the influence of practices, focusing instead on the clergy and representatives of religions and only discussing the Holy Books. The natural instinct to "defend" one's faith often led to quarrels or merely "tolerable endings." Crucially, the "representatives of beliefs" sometimes overlooked how ordinary people build bridges between beliefs through invitations to their practices. For instance, a Christian inviting their Muslim neighbour to the Christmas table, offering dishes while respecting the guest's "religious sacrifices," is a real example occurring globally today.
society, faith, dialogue, practices, influences, values, cultures
The Problems Arising from the Application of the Right to Judgment Within a Reasonable Time Against the State of Albania
My contribution to the present conference shall address in this topic: The problems arising from the application of the right to judgment within a reasonable time against the state of Albania. This work analyzes the conditions that should completed by the heir unable to work, to be considered or not subject to Article 5,6 of the Convention. The reason for the selection of this topic, this topic was born following the decisions of the Strasbourg court in the incorrect application by the Albanian courts of Article 5 of the European Convention on Human Rights The research work is directed to the study of doctrine, legislation and analysis of case law for cases with the same object, where are identified about cases/decisions, the conclusions of which are discussed below. The first part focuses on the normative-legal regulation of the protection of the right to trial within a reasonable time in Albanian legislation. The second part gives a concise overview of the trial of the case within a reasonable time. The jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court, the procedural moments where the institute is selected, the evolution with the changes of the civil procedure code and the practical cases judged by this court. The third part deals with the comparative analysis between practical cases. Violation of the principle of trial within a period in the case of Laçej and others against Albania, request no. 22122/08 In the Zeqo and Seat SHPC case against Albania, requests no. 61445/12, the Mulla v. Albania case, request no. 72348/11, the Mulla v. Albania case, request no. 72348/11, etc. Conclusions Changes to the Code of Civil Procedure (CPC) in 2017 brought important changes to increase citizens' access to justice, providing reasonable deadlines for trial and mandatory execution, this analyzes the practical implementation of the changes undertaken, within the reform in law, in connection with the Code of Civil Procedure In the framework of the Reform in Justice, the KPC provided that the reasonable time for the completion of the process for the civil trial at each of the three levels of trial (court of first instance, court of appeal and high ) is two years. However, the legal regulations are numerous and continue to be problematic for the review of the non-trial within a reasonable time, including the trial of the appeal in the Supreme Court, as well as the lack of effective means of appeal in this regard, ECHR. unjustifiable is also the violation of the principle of trial within a reasonable time, for the review of the non-execution of the final court decision, the violation of the effective means of appeal and the right to property in the procedural aspect, the ECHR assesses that the delay in the execution of the court's decision is unjustifiable and contradicts Article 6 of the ECHR.
reasonable time, judgment within a reasonable time, instability of judicial jurisprudence, different decision-making, delay in judgment, effective means of appeal
Copyright (c) 2024 European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Project Management and Implementation of Bim in a Project in Albania
Information technologies and systems have become a familiar, inevitable or vital part of business. Firms with a focus on information systems are trying to gather the information needed for decision-making at various levels of management. Their influence is very visible in the way a business is managed and operated. They offer not only relief and faster solutions to problems, but also quality and efficiency. This paper focuses on the implementation and impact of Building Information Modeling (BIM) on monitoring and controlling construction projects. It identifies the challenges and potentials of this technology in improving the performance of construction companies, emphasizing the need for fundamental changes in work processes to increase productivity. Additionally, a specific case illustrates the tools used for project management during the implementation of BIM. In conclusion, the study asserts that the full utilization of BIM requires significant changes in work processes to improve productivity and emphasizes that BIM is a key tool for achieving the goals of construction projects.
information technology, business, software, project management, digitalisation
Sequestration and Right to Effective Appeal Under the OFL Normative Act
In Albania, the Council of Ministers adopted the OFL law in 2020 to strengthen the rule of law by enabling the sequestration and confiscation of assets from individuals suspected of serious crimes, including organized crime and terrorism. Although intended to complement existing laws like the Anti-Mafia law, the OFL law is characterized by its temporary nature and urgent enactment. Despite its survival of a constitutionality challenge affirmed by the Constitutional Court in 2022, criticisms persist regarding its infringement on constitutional rights such as the right to an effective appeal and equality before the law. The law allows for asset sequestration without the presence of the affected party and provides a formal right to appeal that lacks substantive judicial review, thereby raising concerns about the violation of property rights as per the Constitution of Albania. This article explores the implications of the OFL law on fundamental rights and legal processes.
OFL, sequestrations, effective appeal, property right, right to due process.
Copyright (c) 2024 European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Migration Phenomen and The Interpretation of The Main Influencing Factors, The Case of Albania
Albania is one of the most suitable grounds for the study of the phenomenon of migration based on its multidimensional forms, referring to international migration, internal migration, return, etc. Likewise, the Albanian state is a country that most clearly reflects the correlation between development as a whole and migration in particular. It is evident that emigration has been a major element for the country's transition towards a more developed and "modern" economy and society. If we refer to the macro level, immigrants' remittances have made a substantial contribution to the structure of the country's gross domestic product since the beginning of the 1990s, a period that also belongs to the first years of democracy in the country. Meanwhile, at the micro level, they have made a very significant contribution to the survival and progress of many Albanian families for a long time. On the other hand, the migration has been to such a degree that it has brought about a disruption of the balance of the country's population, causing a division between the highly chaotic urbanized edge of the Tirana region and the depopulation of the mountainous and hilly rural areas in north, south and interior of the country. The multiple interactions of several population and migration variables, cause a general concern for Albania's demographic and economic future. All these changes and phenomena related to migration in all its forms are based on several factors (such as historical, economic, political, social, cultural, etc.), which we will consider in this paper in order that we not only identify but also try to deal with some theories that have been tried to interpret these issues.
migration, factor, transition, interpretive theory, population, etc.
Copyright (c) 2023 European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Determining the students’ Motivation through Social Media Usage: in Abu Dhabi Schools United Arab Emirates
This research aims to explore the trends in student motivation as determined by social media usage. For addressing this objective, literature support has been provided in a reasonable manner. Furthermore, questionnaire was developed through various items from existing literature for both social media usage and collaborative learning as measured through Five points likert scale. Meanwhile, data has been collected with the help of different techniques. A valid sample response of 403 respondents from different grades ranging from 9th to 12th has been collected from different schools as situated in Abu Dhabi, UAE. The study findings have been covered through descriptive statistics and both measurement model and structural model. The results through measurement model confirm the existence of reliability and validity of the construct, whereas the findings through structural model confirms the significant impact of social media usage on core dimensions of motivation. More specifically, it is found that there is a significant impact of social media usage on psychological needs, safety needs, esteem needs, belongingness and love, and self-actualization, respectively. The study findings have provided some meaningful discussion for various policymakers specifically in the education sector. Finally, there are some limitations through which future directions are also determined.
social media, student’s motivation, two step approach, UAE.
Conflict Management in Organisations: Case of Albania
Nowadays, people spent almost one-third or even more of their life at work. During these hours relations with colleagues play an important role in the overall well-being of the employees, leading to job satisfaction and high performance. Sometimes, the workload, the pressure to finish the work on time, to respect deadlines, and even the daily relations with coworkers, etc., can lead to some conflicts between employees. The way employees manage conflicts happening in organizations has a crucial impact on their well-being and the culture of the organization, making conflict management an important element for human adaptability. The aim of this article is to study conflict management styles that employees in different banks in Albania use in their everyday work. Data analyses are based on the interpretation of forty-six semi-structured interviews with employees in five banks in the city of Tirana. So, qualitative design analyses are used. This study shows us that the dominant style to manage conflicts at work according to the sample that participated in this study is the compromising style.
Conflict management, conflict management style, organization, bank.
The European Ombudsman. Frontex and Fundamental Rights
The European Union system is characterized by the presence of the European Ombudsman (also known as the Ombudsman), a special figure, strengthened over time, which translates the will to prepare an ever wider protection of the rights recognized by European Union law, not only for European citizens, but also for residents of a member state, whether natural or legal persons. On 1 October 2013 Emily O'Reilly[1] took up the first position at the European Ombudsman and continued the path started by her predecessors in order to support the EU institutions to become more effective, transparent and accountable. This statement of purpose it is based on the binding legal value obtained from the Charter of Fundamental Rights with the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon. As far as it is important for our purposes, the extension of the right to good administration in the activities of the European institutions is being strengthened.
European Parliament, Unione europea, European Ombudsman, clause of solidarity, Charter of Fundamental Rights, Frontex and fundamental rights.
Copyright (c) 2023 European Journal of Economics and Business Studies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Role of the European Union and the Procedure of Conclusion of International Agreements After the Lisbon Treaty
The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) in Article 218 includes all the institutions involved in the legislative decision-making of the Union, the Court of Justice and the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy (HR). The article deals with all the different stages of the life of an international agreement – i.e. negotiations, signature, conclusion, some aspects of implementation, together with the suspension of treaty obligations undertaken by Europe. Article 218 TFEU sets out the general procedure that the European Union (EU) must follow when concluding international agreements with third countries and international organizations and will apply to all EU policies, while still maintaining an intergovernmental approach to the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). The EU's primary law, profoundly revised by the Treaty of Lisbon, reflects the EU's increasingly important and widespread activity as a treaty-maker. Article 218 TFEU makes an effort to promote and support a more transparent and democratic behavior of the EU's international relations, already providing important powers for the European Parliament in determining treaty instruments adopted by Europe.
European Parliament inter-institutional conflict conclusion of international agreements, international negotiations, international representation of the European Unio, provisional application of treaties, soft law.
Using Oral Anticoagulant During the Covid-19 Pandemic in Albania
The COVID-19 pandemic is a global health situation characterized by a highly infectious respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. From the first burst until nowadays, the virus had a significant impact on global public health and economies, leading to widespread lockdowns, disruptions to daily life, and a significant number of hospitalizations and deaths. Therapy for COVID-19 primarily involved supportive care, such as supplemental oxygen and hydration, to help alleviate symptoms and prevent complications. Antiviral medications, such as remdesivir, and corticosteroids, such as dexamethasone were also used. With the advancing of the disease, it was seen that the disease attacked the blood vessels and clot formation was a major deadly side effect of the virus. The usage of anticoagulants became priority as they could help in reducing of the risk of thrombosis and other complications associated with the virus. In this study we present a brief summary regarding increase in the usage of oral anticoagulants’ usage among Albanian population in a time slot of four years. The new virus was strongly associated and characterized with clot manifestation in the COVID-19 positive patients. The use of anticoagulants in COVID-19 is important because the virus was associated with a higher risk of thrombotic events, including deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), and stroke.
COVID-19, vascular damage, clots, anticoagulants, treatment, therapy
Latin America, the Middle East & North Africa, and Europe: Present Inclusionary and Exclusionary Forms of Rightist and Leftist Populism
The study examines current left-wing and right-wing political behaviour and inclusionary and exclusionary practices in MENA, Latin America, and Europe and its outcomes on political developments and changes in comparative method. This study investigates the evolution and transition of contemporary rightism and leftism in these dissimilar Regions and the diverse degrees of inclusionary and inclusionary populism features of the political parties. First, it questions political conditions, behavioralism, and transitions of populism. Second, in which forms of inclusions and exclusions populism arrive on the political scene. Thus, the focus is on the latest decade from the cross-continental and cross-regional perspective. Although there is scholarly debate about contemporary populism in the European Continent (in general) and, lately, some in Latin America and MENA (Middle East and North Africa), cross-continental and regional research is lacking.
Latin America, left-wing populism, right-wing populism, inclusions, exclusions, political behaviour, Europe, MENA
The Challenges of Critical Thinking in the Era of Artificial Intelligence
I argue that critical thinking is based on active learning, engaged independent thinking, and examining all information including recently impactful ChatGPT and other AI sources. Thoughtfully questioning what is being learned as well as critically and creatively analyzing and evaluating information such as AI is necessary to gain a deeper understanding as an effective thinker. Critical thinking pedagogy should also promote “portability” and citizenship, including information-based online multimedia literacy such as AI, as well as employment and professional information. This means becoming a critical thinker inside and outside the classroom and take what is learned into our personal, public, and professional lives. The article begins with an examination of four discrepancies or issues related to critical thinking in higher education. The critical thinking literature and Kenedy’s Model of Cyclical Critical Thinking will then be considered. This will be followed by the discussion and summary regarding suggested guidelines for critically evaluating AI. Finally, conclusions regarding further work including pedagogical models for teaching critical thinking in the era of AI and other future work are considered.
Critical thinking, artificial intelligence, critical thinking pedagogy, active learning, effective thinking.
The Rights of Children with Disabilities: Access to A Quality Inclusive Education For Them
The Convention "On the Rights of Persons with Disabilities" provides for the right of persons with disabilities to an adequate standard of living for themselves and their families, including adequate food, clothing and housing, as well as the right to continuous improvement of living conditions. The States Parties have the obligation to take appropriate steps to protect and improve the realization of this right without discrimination, due to disability, to ensure the access of persons with disabilities and their families, who live in conditions of poverty, in the assistance provided by the State to cover expenses related to disability, etc[1]. In particular, States Parties to the Convention must guarantee the health services that persons with disabilities need because of their disability, including early identification and intervention as appropriate, as well as tailored services to minimize and prevent the worsening of disabilities, including children[2]. Creating a safe and healthy environment for children is also one of the main objectives of sustainable development of the UN (Agenda 2030 of SDG-es). This paper deals with the right of children with disabilities to benefit from health, social, educational services, as well as any other services, according to the needs determined by the responsible disability assessment structures.
children with disabilities, children's rights, Convention for Persons with Disabilities, integrated child protection system
Meliorism in the Pragmatist Discourse between Truth, Morality and Education
Philosophy in its traditional sense is regarded as a discipline that focuses on thought, reason and ideas. It is indifferent to action, where psychology, sociology and anthropology have taken this role. The pragmatists concern is the gap between thought and action. Returning the attention to action led to pragmatism being seen and valued more as a moral philosophy and behavioral psychology. This is precisely where the interest of this philosophy lies; how people can improve themselves and the world, expressed with the concept of 'meliorism'. Before that, James, Piers, etc. enter the philosophical discourse, revealing the principles and methodology of the study itself, the meaning and explanation of phenomena. Hence, the connection between gnosiology and morality is essential. The issue becomes even more complex, because from the discovery of the truth it moves to human identity, culture and the need for progress. The concreteness of this optimistic philosophy is achieved through education. Meanwhile, the discourse will arise between the questions: What is the truth for pragmatists? How is the relationship between truth, individual and society expressed phenomenologically? How can it be passed without harsh frustrations towards progress?
meliorism, gnosiology, morality, education
Relationship between Internet Addiction and Life Satisfaction Among Students: Case of Albania
Nowadays, human life has become very intensive. Since we live in the age of technology and we are part of a global world, the Internet has become an indispensable part of everyday life, bringing many benefits to people. However, its excessive use can often leave to negative consequences that affect the psychological well-being of the individual as well as the evaluation and general perception that the individual has of his life. This article comes as a result of studies in the wake of further research in the field of Internet addiction among teenagers and students in our country. The purpose of this article is to study the relationship between internet addiction among students aged 18-21 in Albania and their level of life satisfaction, as well as specifically the impact that life satisfaction has on internet addiction. In this study participated 268 students from three universities in Albania. Data were collected through online completion of Young's (1998) Internet Addiction Questionnaire, and Diener's (1985) Life Satisfaction Questionnaire. The study highlighted the fact that there is a negative, statistically significant relationship between Internet addiction and the level of life satisfaction in the target group included in the study.
Internet addiction, life satisfaction, students.
Between rurality and urbanity: Indicators of social integration of Albanian rural to urban migrants
Integration of rural to urban migrants represents a complex experience of learning and adapting to a community with a new and different culture. Despite the changes in the way of living and the modifications of cultural values due to social interaction and coexistence with urban subculture, most of migrants moved from village to the city retain a sense of rurality. Internal migration in Albania often takes place in form of chain migration. Therefore, the concentration of migrants to the peripheral part of the city, rural social networks, kinship interaction, financial and social support impact their social and cultural integration to urban subculture. This paper aims to highlight indicators of social integration of Albanian migrants moved from village to the city. Data for this paper was obtained through a quantitative survey method. 400 surveys were conducted with Albanian migrants moved from villages to Korça city which remains the second most important destination, besides Tirana, for migrants from rural areas of the southeastern part of Albania. Descriptive and correlative statistical analysis was used for data interpretation. Rurality is not only a territorial unit, but derives from socially created meanings. The study showed that sense of rurality impacts the patterns and strategies of integration of rural to urban migrants to the city.
ain migration, integration, social network, rurality, role of tradition
The perspective of Supervisory Authorities in Albanian financial system: Markets standardization according to the EU directives
The financial system in Albania is composed of two financial authorities and institutions, which in their missions have the monetary policies, issue of money, consumer protection, economic and financial stability, etc. The Albanian financial system is composed of two main entities such as the Bank of Albania and the Albanian Financial Supervision Authority. Both of these authorities have a fundamental role in the economy of the country, as they are not only the supervisors and regulators of the markets, such as the second level banks which are supervised by the Bank of Albania, as well as of the non-banking markets, such as the insurance markets, the securities markets as well as the markets of voluntary private pension funds, which are supervised by the Financial Supervision Authority. They are fundamental for the economy of the country since without the presence of these entities, the markets would be without a compass and full of complications that could distort free trade and encourage abuses and speculations against individuals, in security of banks activities and private firms. However, these regulators of these banking and financial markets, certainly in their functions of supervision and drafting of legislations, by-laws and regulations of the operation of these markets always refer to the Directives of the EU organizations. This paper will bring the perspectives and cooperation between each other, the functioning of these institutions, as well as the harmonization and implementation of different directives according to the markets, which regulate and turn the directives into legal and by-laws in our country.
bank of Albania, Albania financial supervisory authority, strategies, EU directives.
Effect of Organizational Excellence on Factors of Organizational Performance in Dubai Freezones
The importance of organizational excellence cannot be overemphasized because it allows the organization to improve its overall performance. This means organizational excellence can help any time of organization improve their performance, but only when dimensions of organizational excellence are well linked with factors of organizational performance. Therefore, the overall objective of this paper is to assess the effect of organizational excellence on factors of organizational performance in Dubai Freezones. An online questionnaire was completed by 201 respondents from Dubai Freezones which focused on determining the effects of organizational excellence on the internal and external factors of organizational performance. The data analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics revealed unexpected findings. The findings reveal that organizational excellence does not have positive effect on the internal factors of organizational performance such as people and key factors. Further finding show that organizational excellence has positive effect on external factors of organizational performance which are customer and society factors. While these results show that dimensions of organizational excellence have potential to positively effect organizational performance, they also indicate that it is yet to have positive effect on certain factors of organizational performance in Dubai Freezones. The implication of these findings is that further investigation may be required to determine what variable may moderate the relationship between organizational excellence and all factors of organizational performance in Dubai Freezones in order to provide recommendations for other freezones in the UAE.
Organizational Excellence, Organizational Performance, Internal Factors, External Factors, Freezones, Dubai.
The Impact of Transformational Leadership on Service Quality In United Arab Emirates (Uae) Higher Education Institutions
In recent years, transformational leadership has gained popularity, especially in the context of Higher Education Institutions (HEIs). Transformational leaders have the potential to improve the quality of services and, ultimately, education, which improves the student experience. The HEIs in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) like those in other countries, confront numerous obstacles, such as competition from international peers. Some challenges concerning the management and maintenance quality in higher education. This situation reveals the need to implement transformational leadership on a large scale in the higher education sector in the UAE. Students are satisfied and significantly advance their knowledge when the institute provides a high-quality education service. The review of the literature reports a significant relationship between transformational leadership and service quality in the higher education domain. To increase the quality of services afforded by HEIs, transformative leaders have the desired skills to foster the quality of service in higher education because those leaders use their profession that fulfills the mission of the institute. To improve service quality and ultimately benefit their students, it is recommended that HEIs and policymakers in the UAE give priority to transformational leadership and establish the standards for leaders in higher education based on these leaders' traits, such as idealized influence, inspiring motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration.
Transformational Leadership, Service Quality, Higher Education Institutions.
Assessing the completeness of death data and its impact on life expectancy gender gap, case of Albania
Estimates of completeness of death registration are crucial to estimate the usual resident population in the country as well as to produce estimates of life tables and population forecasts. Moreover, timely and reliable data on deaths are fundamental for informed decision-making in the health sector. Measurements of completeness of death registration provide timely and locally relevant feedback on system performance and can guide interventions to strengthen and improve Civil Registration System of Vital Statistics performance over time. This paper aims to give an overview of the estimates of the completeness of death data in Albania, detailing it further considering the age, sex characteristics by applying indirect method using official data. All the studies done so far, show that on national level there is an under coverage of the total number of deaths, which depending on the approach used, figure out an improvement of the death registration in Albania over the years. However, the findings of our analysis considering the age and sex dimensions show that still there exists an under coverage of female deaths, more evident in older ages. The adjusted life expectancy showed an improvement in the life expectancy gender gap. The results of this paper can be used to derive adjusted sex-age specific death rates, as far as the results allow doing so, in order to provide more accurate calculation of life expectancy, mortality and population forecasts.
death registration, death data completeness, indirect techniques, under coverage of death data, life expectancy
Living, Narrating and Enhancing the Landscape Through the Ethics of Responsibility
This study aims to provide some answers to the following problems regarding the landscape: 1. What does enhancing the landscape mean? 2. Upon which theoretical and operative bases is it possible to intervene in the landscape in order to enhance it? 3. How is it possible to build in a way which promotes good living while respecting the landscape and its environmental equilibrium? I intend to discuss these issues from the perspective of some considerations regarding the narrative of the landscape. Man has always provided accounts about his environment and territory thereby forming a complex idea of the landscape over time. The narrative of the landscape constitutes a sort of collective memory making the landscape a “quasi persona” that interacts with man's different actions. The basic thesis of this study is to demonstrate that each intervention in the landscape – with the intention of its enhancement and good living – should be inspired by the ethics of responsibility and, thereby, be guided by the narrative of the landscape which conveys its specific and characteristic traits.
Landscape; Living; Responsibility; Well-being; Narrative.
Copyright (c) 2017 European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Geographical Indications- a marketing strategy tool for small farms in Albania
GIs offer a unique marketing tool for producers, differentiating their products from generic counterparts, and can enhance the market position of producers by capitalizing on the reputation and distinctiveness associated with a specific geographic region. Geographical Indication (GI) can be used as a strategy for marketing the product and the territory. It creates synergy with the preservation of cultural heritage; with consumers' value attributed to the specific qualities of that product; with the economic development and the livelihoods of rural communities. Balkan Countries are making serious efforts for creating their competitive advantage whereas Albania is still in the initial steps. One product that is expected to create synergy with the Tourism industry as a potential GI in Albania is the Winery sector.
Investigation of the Psychological Capital of Security Employees by Nationality and Status
The concept of psychological capital (PsyCap) recently has attracted a great deal of interest who has been studying on organizational behavior. Psychological capital can be defined as individual’s positive psychological state which contributes both personal and organizational aims and improves human performance. It is accepted that psychological capital has four components: self-efficacy, optimism, hope and resiliency. The purpose of the present study is to examine the associations of psychological capital (PsyCap) of security employees by nationality and status. In this study a cross-sectional survey was conducted using a convenience sample of 336 security employees in a military organization to establish possible relationship between psychological capital and two of demographic variables (nationality and status). The data obtained by the survey was analyzed using the SPSS 21.0 package program. In statistical analyzes, T-test and variance (ANOVA) analyzes were used. The results of the data has showed that resiliency of civil employees differs significantly from officers and noncommissioned officers. The analysis has also showed that self-efficacy and hope of Turkey participants differ significantly from European countries participants. However, no statistically significant difference has been found in resiliency of participant countiries.
Psychological capital, nationality, status, security employees.
Local governments' revenue and expenditure autonomy as a determinant of local public spending on culture. An analysis for Polish rural municipalities
The aim of this paper is to define expenditure and revenue decentralization indicators for Polish municipalities and to analyze if and how the limits of spending and revenue autonomy influence local government spending behaviors. The expenditure decentralization is difficult to measure, that is why the analysis of the effects of limits on spending autonomy are less common in the literature than those which relate to the revenue autonomy. In this paper, I propose indicators of revenue but also expenditure decentralization for Polish municipalities. Using statistical analysis and econometric panel analysis for rural municipalities in years 2000-2014 I study if and how these indicators explain local spending policy. I focus on spending for culture using median voter demand framework. Expenditure for culture is a small part of local budgets, but vital from the social point of view. Municipalities in Poland are important creators of local cultural life, which is especially important in less developed or peripheral regions, where citizens do not have access to private cultural institutions. I present that limits in local governments spending and revenue autonomy influences the local spending behaviors. I found that those limits caused not necessarily effective cost minimizing and create the important problem of horizontal equity. At the same time in less autonomous municipalities spending are less related to citizens demand- so there are problems to attend allocative efficiency. My study presents that the problem of the effects of incomplete expenditure decentralization is very important but poorly recognized in the literature.
public expenditure on culture, local governments’ autonomy, fiscal federalismAcknowledgement: The study is part of research project No. 2014/13/B/HS4/03204, financed by National Science Centre, Poland
The Role of the School Psychologist Nowadays
The school psychologist fills multiple roles. Changes have been made in the field of public perceptions about the roles of a school psychologist. The main purpose of the paper is to get information about the perception of the students of master’s degree in psychology at the University of Shkoder regarding the school psychologist’s profession. The paper is quantitative research and it it is based on the survey research, descriptive and correlational research. The questionnaire consists of several parts. The first part contains demographic data, such as gender, age, study course, and study program. The second part contains data related to the opinion of students regarding the school psychologist’s profession and the third part contains information about the general perception and students‘perception about the roles of a school psychologist, such as information, identification, assessment, participation in various commissions and intervention. There are given the conclusions and recommendations. The students’ opinion and general perception about the school psychologist profession is good, but it is necessary to improve the perception of students in the following aspects: a) Improving the general perception of students regarding the profession of school psychologist, especially at older ages, at the students of second year Master and at the students of the Master of Sciences study program in Organizational Psychology; b) improving students' perception of the role of information that the psychologist performs in school; c) improving the perception of second year students about the role of identification and the role of assessment; d) improving the perception of first year students about the role of participation in various commissions and the intervention role. It is also recommended to conduct other studies, to identify the factors that affect students' perception of the profession of school psychologist, and it is recommended the curricula and the syllabuses review of these study programs.
school psychologist, students' perceptions, job satisfaction
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Post-migration Representations of Istanbul in Turkey’s Independent Cinema
This study aims to analyze the representation of Istanbul in the Independent Cinema of Turkey. My study focuses on Istanbul not only because Istanbul presents an opportunity for micro-scaled analysis for Turkey, but also because of the fact that the cinema of Turkey being Istanbul-oriented. I focus on the major political and sociological turning points of Turkey and how all these transformations have altered the presentation of Istanbul in the movies of the same period. The migration remained to be one of those main turning points in people’s life and their conditions - in particular migration from rural to urban - on which this study is focused.
Istanbul, representation, Independent cinema of Turkey, social changes, migration.
Factors Influencing Teachers to Stay in The Profession Case of Albania
Researchers show that exist many factors that influence teachers to remain in the profession. Legal changes happening in Albania during these years have brought some difficulties in the profession of a teacher, raising their workload and a lot of documents to fulfill that in some cases drain the teacher’s energy and limit their time to work with children. This article comes as a result of a previous study on searching for factors that influence teachers to choose their profession.The aim of this article is to study why teachers in Albania stay in their profession using semi-structured interviews with 68 (sixty-eight) teachers at different levels. The methodology used in this study consists of a qualitative design. This study highlighted some factors that influence teachers in Albania to stay in their profession such as internal factors (motivation, love for students, job satisfaction, working with children, etc.) and less external factors (sustainability in salary, financial stability, etc.).
Teacher, profession, internal factors, external factors.
The Principle of Autonomy of Contractual Will
One of the fundamental principles on which the contractual law of any democratic state is based is the principle of contractual freedom. This principle is accepted by both Western legal systems, civil law and common law as well. Therefore, in dealing with this principle of contractual law, we shall have to refer to both the civil legislations of the states that are part of the civil law system, as well as those that are included in the common law legal system. One of the main issues of this paper concerns the meaning and content of the principle of autonomy of contractual will. In this matter, the most important aspects of this principle will be dealt with in summary, starting from the right of the parties to freely determine the content of the contract and ending with the limitations placed on the will of the parties in application of this principle. The elements of the principle of contractual freedom will be addressed in this paper, looking at them in a comparative perspective with the legislation of other countries, in addition to the Albanian civil legislation, highlighting the mutual features and differences between them. Another issue of this paper will be the application of the principle of autonomy of will to consumer contracts. Our focus herein in particular on the special rules that apply in this case, where it is worth noting that contemporary civil legislations have imposed a number of restrictions on the implementation of this principle, in order to protect the consumer. In this paper, the rules that are applied in the cases of standard or adhesion contracts will be treated, in a summarized way, in application of the principle of contractual freedom. At the end of the paper, the conclusions will be provided, as well as the bibliography on which it is based.
contractual autonomy, will of the parties, public interest, consumer contracts, standard contracts