European Journal of Marketing and Economics
EJME is an open-access, peer-reviewed journal dedicated to recent research and studies in the field. EJME welcomes and acknowledges recent, high-quality theoretical and empirical original research papers, case studies, review articles, literature reviews, book reviews, conceptual frameworks, analytical and simulation models, and technical notes from researchers, academicians, professional and practitioners from all over the World.
What Drives Disney Brand Love? Antecedents Across Lusophone Markets
This study investigates brand love dynamics using the Disney brand as a case study across Portuguese and Brazilian consumers, extending existing theory to under-researched Lusophone markets. It pursues three specific research objectives: (RO1) to empirically test whether Disney qualifies as a brand love; (RO2) to examine sociodemographic differences in brand love; and (RO3) to identify key antecedents of brand love. Data were collected via an online questionnaire from a non-probabilistic convenience sample of Portuguese and Brazilian adults (N = 310) using snowball sampling through social media. Analysis included factor analysis, non-parametric tests, and multiple regression. Results confirm Disney qualifies as a loved brand, reveal nationality (Brazilian > Portuguese) and age effects, and identify satisfaction and self-expressiveness as dominant antecedents, with trust, quality significant and storytelling non-significant. Findings advance brand love theory through multi-antecedent testing within a single iconic brand and cross-cultural insights from Lusophone markets. Practically, they guide experiential brand managers toward satisfaction, and self-expression, focused strategies for emotional differentiation in Portuguese/Brazilian contexts.
Brand Love; Consumer Behaviour; Consumer-brand Relationships; Disney; Lusophone Markets.
Copyright (c) 2026 European Journal of Marketing and Economics https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
European Integration and Competitiveness of EU New Member States
This research is intended to evaluate the influence of the European integration, through the EU financing dimension, upon the evolution of external competitiveness of countries part of the EU community since the enlargements of 2004 and, respectively, 2007, excluding Malta and Cyprus (hereafter called as New Member States (NMS)). The paper methodology is based on appropriate research of relevant economic indicators intended to evaluate the EU funds’ influence on the industrial development and external competitiveness of NMS. Therefore, in the analysis performed there were figured out and calculated correlations between the following indicators: EU expenditure by NMS, Current Account to GDP ratio, Industrial Performance index, Global Innovation Index and Index of Economic Freedom. These indicators characterize the NMS’ business environment, institutional framework and, consequently, the degree of international competitiveness. The research contributes to confirm the assumptions about the European integration and the EU financing instruments had important effects in improving the industrial performance, in particular, and international competitiveness of NMS, in general. However, the differences in the correlations calculated between EU financing received by the NMS and different analysed indicators, suggest that EU funds were not the only drivers of the increasing competitiveness of the analyzed countries.
EU financing, Competitiveness, Industrial performance, Innovation.
Analysis of the Energy Dependence of the European Union
The main objective of the research paper is to accomplish a comparative analysis of the energy dependence of the EU member states. This objective is de-composited in several sub-objectives: First, to make a short literature review and a summary of the main ideas concerning energy dependence; Second, to clarify the methodology used for analysis of the energy dependence of the EU. Third, to analyze the nominal energy dependency of the EU, as well as the Union energy dependency by energy types.Fourth, to analyze the energy intensity of the economy of the European Union countries. The research and analytical methods used for the development of the paper involve comparative analysis of the available data on energy security indicators, graphical and table presentation of statistical and empirical data and survey of available legal and analytical research on the topic. Entirely secondary data sources have been used in the research. The research results comprise: - the introduction of two new concepts as a result of the analysis – the nominal energy dependency and the real energy dependency; - the construction of an energy dependency classifying scheme for the European Union member states; - the construction of an classification grid of the energy dependence of the EU member states by energy type. The research results present the author contribution to the research field of energy dependency. They add value not only in analytical terms but also pave the road for formulating further ideas and evidence-based recommendations on policy measures.
energy dependency of the EU, nominal energy dependency, real energy dependency, energy intensity of the economy
The Role of Competitive Cities as a Response to Regional Challenges in Latin America
In the article, a phenomenon of urbanization of Latin America was analysed in terms of its impact on the level of competitiveness of the cities. A role that cities play in Latin America’s economy was emphasized. The author has examined a number of reliable reports on competitiveness of the cities and on this basis formulated its assessment of the level of competitiveness on a global basis, including identifying strengths and weaknesses of the cities, key areas for strong economic development and proposes recommendations. Based on the analysis of available data and source reports, the main trends in urbanization have been identified that may affect the dynamics of the Latin American city's competitiveness.
competitiveness, urbanization, economic development, Latin America JEL Codes: O54, R11, R58
Corporate Governance and the Sustainable Development
Nowadays the issues of sustainable development are everywhere around us. Everybody talks about sustainability in all aspects of our life. It is becoming also part of the agenda of the business world not only for the small and medium size companies, but also for the big corporations. Gradually environmental and social issues begin to pose new topics in the agenda for board meetings of the big corporations. The corporate governance begins to pay more and more attention not only to the return rate of the investments but also to the footprint that the company has on the society. In this framework we decided to examine the relationship and interconnectivity between corporate governance and sustainable development. The research that backed this paper encompasses literature survey and analysis, on one hand and empirical research on another. This paper present some of the results from our survey showing the changes that occur in the corporate governance and the position of the managing boards of directors due to the sustainable development policy applied worldwide.
sustainable development, corporate governance, corporate social responsibility, environment, governance
Ecological Transformation in Bulgaria – New Challenges to the Businesses and the Government
The ecological transformation of the economy poses a number of challenges to the businesses and the government, whilst environmental responsibility in recent decades has been increasingly taken up by a growing number of companies, regardless of their size, business activities, or sector of operation. The objective of research is to analyse what incentive policies the government should set up to promote the ecological transformation of Bulgaria’s economy and what environmental business practices and environmental management systems the firms operating in the Bulgarian market have in place. The analysis is based on an empirical study conducted with 200 business organisations. The results show that the low level and limited scope of the environmental responsibility applied in Bulgaria are associated with the absence of a clearly defined macroeconomic framework for encouraging investments in innovative sustainability and energy efficiency technologies. The conclusions indicate that in order to intensify ecological transformation, a targeted, systematic and rapid macropolicy reform is required (promoting development and deployment of innovative resource and eco-friendly technologies; changing the logics of eco-fiscal policy; ensuring more efficient funding of the ecological transition; activating the financial markets by introducing new instruments of public-private partnership, etc.).The added value of this paper is not only in the analytical examination of the new challenges, but also and above all, in outlining the direction and deriving recommendations for implementing future actions. The methodology employed is based on primary and secondary investigations, statistical and analytical methods of interpreting data, and identifying the major dependencies and issues.
Review, Critical, Systematic, Literature, Rebound-Effect, Sustainability, SSE) JEL Classification: O33
Social Businesses with An Export Profile as a Mechanism to Promote Entrepreneurship and Improve Welfare
The increase in unemployment rates at the international level, as a consequence of the deep financial crisis of the beginning of the 21st century, has caused the labor market to become increasingly restricted, complicating the insertion of a population of productive age. In addition, the lack of employment has exacerbated a series of social problems, including poverty, insecurity, undernourishment, among others, in a large part of Latin America. Therefore, the impulse of social enterprises can contribute to the creation of jobs and combat this problem, generating wellbeing not only within a region but also in others with similar situations, generating an area of ​​opportunity for those social enterprises with an export profile. Based on the above, this paper begins with a documentary research process of specialized literature on social business and later analyzes a group of students' perception on the impact that this model can produce, as well as the limitations for its implementation, through an exploratory and descriptive study, guided by the qualitative approach since a questionnaire of open questions about these topics was used as a research instrument. The answers were analyzed in such a way that similarities and differences could be detected among students' perception. Results shown that the main benefits are the creation of direct jobs in the country of origin and indirect in other markets as well as the emergence of productive chains while among the constraints include ignorance of the export logistics process and tariff rates. Finally, a series of recommendations are proposed in order to strengthen the dissemination of this business model.
social business, entrepreneurial culture, entrepreneurial teams.
Relationship between the Altman Z-Score and Quick Kralicek Test in Assessing Economic Units
The existence of the crisis makes obvious the fact of predicting the financial position in which will be found an economic unit in the future. This constitutes one of the most important tasks of analysts. Altman Z-Score andQuick Test Kralicek are two very important cumulative indicators, on the basis of which, the analyst is able to give a judgment on the financial situation in which an economic unit is, as regard to the risk of bankruptcy (Altman Z -Score) and difficulty paying (Quick Test Kralicek). By analyzing these two indicators, it was foundthat they are connected with each other and lead us to the same conclusion for entities taken as a sample in this study. Through a statistical analysis (Pearson correlation coefficient) will be shown this connection and the conclusions derived from this analysis. Predicting in time unsatisfactory situations avoids the risk of bankruptcy, which is so much evident nowadays.
financial position, economic unit, Altman Z-Score, Quick Test Kralicek, analysts, bankruptcy.
Greenwashing and Information Asymmetry: A Theoretical Perspective
Greenwashing has emerged as a growing concern in contemporary markets, where firms increasingly communicate environmental commitments as part of their competitive positioning. While existing literature documents the prevalence and consequences of misleading environmental claims, limited theoretical integration explains why greenwashing persists despite reputational and regulatory risks. This paper conceptualizes greenwashing as a signaling failure under conditions of information asymmetry. Drawing on information economics and signaling theory, we develop a theoretical framework that explains the strategic incentives driving firms to engage in symbolic environmental communication. The model highlights the role of verification costs, consumer environmental literacy, and institutional pressures in shaping market outcomes. We propose a set of theoretical propositions linking greenwashing to consumer trust erosion, market inefficiencies, and long-term legitimacy risks. The paper contributes by integrating fragmented streams of research and offering a structured framework to guide future empirical studies. Managerial and policy implications are discussed.
Greenwashing, green marketing, consumer behavior, environmental communication, consumer trust.
How does Outbound Marketing Influence Consumer Purchasing Behavior?
The increasing digitalization of markets has profoundly transformed marketing communication strategies, leading many organizations to prioritize inbound and digital approaches. Nevertheless, outbound marketing continues to play a relevant role in influencing consumer purchasing behavior, particularly in contexts where rapid reach, message reinforcement, and brand visibility are critical. This systematic literature review examines how outbound marketing influences consumer purchasing behavior, focusing on its effects on brand perception, purchase intention, trust, and loyalty. Drawing on peer-reviewed studies published between 2019 and 2025 and indexed in Scopus and Web of Science, the review synthesizes empirical evidence on the mechanisms through which outbound communication affects consumer decision-making. The findings indicate that message clarity, controlled repetition, channel–audience congruence, and perceived credibility are key determinants of outbound marketing effectiveness. Moreover, cultural and contextual factors significantly moderate consumer responses, highlighting the need for adaptive and ethical communication strategies. The study contributes to marketing literature by integrating outbound marketing effects with established consumer behavior theories and offers practical implications for managers operating in increasingly competitive and digitally saturated markets.
Outbound marketing; Consumer purchasing behavior; Purchase intention; Marketing communication; Brand perception.
Location-Driven Growth: Using Geospatial Insights to Scale Convenience Retail in Ecuador
This study examines how geospatial analytics can support convenience retail expansion decisions in Ecuador. Using a mixed-methods design, we combine secondary demographic and points-of-interest data with GIS-based suitability mapping and qualitative insights from industry stakeholders to identify high-potential retail zones and translate them into actionable site-screening criteria. Results indicate that demand density, accessibility, and competitive configuration jointly shape location attractiveness, while mobility and urban form introduce boundary effects that standard isochrone catchments may overlook. The paper contributes a replicable location-intelligence framework for data-constrained emerging markets and derives managerial implications for network rollout, format placement, and risk reduction in expansion planning. This article is based on the research conducted for the MBA program, defended in 2025, at the Universidad Internacional de Valencia (VIU). The present manuscript is an adapted version of that academic work, and all institutional affiliation and academic context are acknowledged accordingly.
Convenience retail, location analysis, GIS, market entry strategy, expansion strategy, retail geography
Neuromarketing in Fast Food: A View About Attention and Intention - Systematic Literature Review
Neuromarketing, as a multidisciplinary approach, is relevant in the fast-food sector, characterised by quick decision-making and intense competition. The studies analysed demonstrate that sensory and contextual stimuli, such as packaging, nutritional labelling, point-of-sale lighting, and menu design, significantly influence attention, emotion, perceived value, and purchase intention. Studies indicate that sensory and contextual stimuli, such as packaging, nutritional labelling, lighting, and menu design, influence attention, emotion, perceived value, and purchase intention. Tools such as eye tracking, EEG, GSR/EDA, and neuroimaging techniques allow implicit processes and unconscious responses undetected by traditional methods to be captured. Despite knowledge of decision-making, a gap persists between the decision and the actual purchase. It is concluded that the ethical and rigorous use of neuromarketing can enhance the effectiveness of marketing strategies in the fast-food industry.
neuromarketing; fast food; FMCG; purchase intention; consumer behaviour
A Literature Review on China's Economic Transformation: Growth, Challenges, and Global Implications
Since the late 1970s, China's economy has altered in one of the most profound ways in modern economic history. After decades of state-led planning and relative isolation, China has become the world's second-largest economy, the biggest exporter, and a significant actor in global economic governance. This paper looks at what scholars have said about China's economy over the years. It talks about the history of reforms, what produced rapid growth (including urbanization, investment, and innovation), and the challenges that come with debt, changing demographics, and inequality. It also talks about how China's trade, banking, and geopolitical influence affect the world economy and what China should do to be strong in the future. The assessment reveals the inconsistencies between state-driven development and market liberalization, economic growth and inequality, as well as globalization and domestic security. It says that China's manner of growing is a one-of-a-kind mix that is always evolving. However, it also has difficulties that are getting worse and will have an impact on the future of both China and the world.
China, economic growth, reform, globalization, debt, demographic change, the global economy, and sustainability
Copyright (c) 2025 European Journal of Marketing and Economics https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Influence of Spiritual Well-Being on Consumer Materialism: An Empirical Study from Turkey
Purpose: This study aims to investigate the relationship between spiritual well-being and materialism among consumers in Turkey, contributing to marketing literature and offering insights for developing effective marketing strategies. Design/methodology/approach: Data were collected in 2018 through an online survey from 1243 individuals aged 18 and above residing in Turkey. Spiritual well-being was measured using a 29-item scale with three sub-dimensions (transcendence, harmony with nature, and anomie), validated by Ekşi and Kardaş (2017). Materialism was assessed using a 6-item scale, validated by Richins (2004) and translated into Turkish by Tiltay (2014). The Cronbach's alpha coefficients were 0.890 for spiritual well-being and 0.767 for materialism, indicating good reliability. Findings: The results reveal that spiritual well-being significantly, albeit weakly, explains materialistic attitudes. Unexpectedly, transcendence and anomie, sub-dimensions of spiritual well-being, exhibited a positive (rather than negative) relationship with materialistic attitudes. Anomie was identified as the strongest predictor of materialistic attitudes. Conversely, harmony with nature showed no significant relationship with materialistic attitudes. Practical implications: The findings suggest that marketers should consider the complex interplay between spiritual beliefs and consumer materialism when formulating strategies, particularly in contexts like Turkey where specific spiritual dimensions may surprisingly correlate with materialistic tendencies.
Spiritual Well-Being, Consumer Materialism, Consumer Behavior, Transcendence, Anomie, Turkey
The Nexus Between International Marketing Research and Innovation Capacity: Evidence from Turkish Exporters
A firm's ability to innovate is a cornerstone of sustained competitive advantage, but the mechanisms that drive this capacity are not uniformly understood, particularly in the context of international business. While internal factors like R&D investment and organizational culture are well-documented, the specific role of external market engagement remains underexplored. This study addresses that gap by examining the critical nexus between international marketing research and innovation capacity among Turkish firms that are active exporters. We argue that robust and systematic international marketing research serves as a prerequisite for leveraging global market opportunities to foster innovation, moving beyond a firm's established domestic routines. Using a qualitative research approach, we conducted in-depth interviews with key decision-makers and founders from a sample of exporters who are members of the Aegean Export Union in Izmir, Turkey. This methodology allowed for a nuanced exploration of the processes through which market intelligence gathered abroad directly influences a firm's capacity for product and process innovation. The findings reveal a multi-faceted process where international market insights lead to the identification of new customer needs and technological trends, which in turn stimulates internal innovation efforts. This research offers significant contributions by illuminating the dynamic interplay between a firm's market orientation in a global context and its ability to innovate, providing a detailed understanding of a key driver of competitive advantage for firms in emerging economies.
International Marketing Research, Innovation Capacity, Exporting, Market Orientation, Qualitative Research, Turkish Firms
The Integration of Business Ethics Principles into Corporate Governance and Director Liability: A Turkish Legal Perspective
This study explores the foundational relationship between business ethics principles and their practical integration into corporate governance frameworks, particularly examining the implications for director liability. Initially, the paper defines business ethics and elucidates its core principles, including integrity, fairness, trust, openness, and truthfulness. Subsequently, it analyzes various facets of business ethics, with a specific focus on its legal ramifications and the extent to which these ethical considerations have been codified into law. The study posits that business ethics significantly influences business law and corporate governance, becoming "legalized" through corporate codes of conduct. A central aim is to clarify the explicit mention of business ethics within Turkish law, particularly in the Code of Corporate Governance pertaining to public companies, and to discuss the legal impact of this regulation. This legal inclusion raises critical questions, notably whether ethical standards can serve as a direct source of liability for boards and directors. The paper then examines the intricate interrelation between ethical standards, corporate governance codes, and director liability. It concludes by illustrating how business ethics acts as a foundational concept, informing fields such as corporate governance, corporate social responsibility, director liability, and human rights in business (especially concerning employee working conditions), demonstrating its significant intersection with all these areas. Finally, the study clarifies the specific adoption of business ethics into the Turkish legal system and its impact on business practices.
Business Ethics, Corporate Governance, Director Liability, Ethical Principles, Turkish Law, Corporate Social Responsibility, Legal Integration
The Evolution of the Legal Environment for Marketing in Georgia: Focus on Consumer Protection and EU Harmonization
This article underscores the critical role of the legal framework in facilitating effective marketing activities, addressing emergent issues, and safeguarding consumer interests in Georgia. It traces the development of Georgia's business legal framework, with particular emphasis on legislative efforts subsequent to the signing and implementation of the Association Agreement with the European Union. The paper specifically analyzes key Georgian statutes pertinent to consumer rights protection, including the Code of Food Safety and Free Circulation, the Code of Food/Animal Fodder Safety, Veterinary and Plants Protection, the Law on Advertising, and various Technical Regulations concerning food product labeling and consumer information. A notable legislative gap is identified: the 2012 suspension of the Georgian Law on Protection of Consumers’ Rights, despite a prepared and published draft law, remains unaddressed. Based on this legal analysis, the author concludes that while effective legislation generally protects consumer rights in Georgia, the crucial challenge lies in enforcement. To this end, the article highlights the government's 2015 resolution on Food/Animal Fodder Safety State Control Rule, which mandates state oversight of relevant businesses to protect consumers. The ongoing process of refining Georgia's marketing-related legal foundation is also discussed.
Marketing Law, Consumer Protection, Legal Framework, Georgia, European Union Harmonization, Food Safety, Advertising Regulations
Non-Performing Loans in the Albanian Banking Sector During the Global Financial Crisis: A Client Group Analysis
The increase in Non-Performing Loans (NPLs) within the Albanian banking sector posed a significant challenge during the recent global economic crisis. This study investigates the specific drivers behind this issue and explores potential resolutions through an analysis of bank loans categorized by borrower groups. Given that the overall rise in business loans was largely attributed to loans extended to large enterprises, this segment forms the primary focus of the research. Based on a survey of bankers, key factors contributing to NPL growth include: financing unrealistic projects, borrowers' lack of robust corporate structures, lending decisions influenced by external factors or corruption, adverse impacts of certain government policies, intermittent unfair competition in specific sectors, declining commodity prices, and flawed external audits. A substantial majority (86%) of respondents identified more thorough client analysis, elimination of external influences and corruption in lending, government measures against unfair competition, improved corporate governance in borrowing entities, and more reliable external audits as effective remedies. However, 71% of bankers viewed the situation as typical given Albania's prevailing conditions. The study recommends that comprehensive and objective client assessments by banks, enhanced institutionalization and reliable external auditing for businesses, precise and timely government interventions against unfair competition, and the introduction of innovative financing methods will significantly mitigate the NPL problem.
Non-Performing Loans (NPLs), Albanian Banking Sector, Financial Crisis, Business Loans, Corporate Governance, Credit Risk Management
An Empirical Analysis of the Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth Relationship in Turkey
This paper investigates the long-term relationship between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and economic growth in Turkey, emphasizing the strategic role of international capital flows in fostering national development. Rooted in economic theory that links FDI to GDP growth through knowledge spillovers, technology transfer, and productivity gains, the study analyzes time-series data from 1980 to 2017. The Johansen cointegration test confirms the presence of a stable long-run equilibrium relationship between FDI inflows and GDP, indicating that FDI has contributed to Turkey’s macroeconomic growth trajectory. In the short run, Granger causality analysis demonstrates a unidirectional causality running from FDI to GDP, reinforcing the view that foreign investment has functioned as a driver rather than merely a consequence of economic performance. These results underscore the importance of creating a favorable investment climate and targeting sectors that can maximize the developmental benefits of FDI. The paper offers valuable implications for policymakers and international investors seeking to understand the dynamics of growth in emerging markets and highlights the strategic importance of FDI in Turkey’s economic policy framework.
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Economic Growth (GDP), Turkey, Cointegration, Granger Causality, Knowledge Spillovers, Technology Transfer
An Empirical Examination of the Export-Led Growth Hypothesis in Georgia: Evidence from a Transition Economy
Export-Led Growth (ELG), Economic Growth, Exports, Transition Economy, Georgia, Cointegration, Granger Causality
The Influence of Promotion on Marketing Decision-Making: A Case Study of Albtelecom & Eagle Mobile in Albania
This paper investigates the export-led growth (ELG) hypothesis within the context of Georgia, a transition economy seeking deeper integration into global markets. The ELG theory suggests that economic growth is driven by increasing export activity, which enhances market access and competitiveness. For Georgia, the twin forces of economic liberalization and European integration present a timely opportunity to leverage exports as a catalyst for sustainable development. Utilizing annual time series data from 1990 to 2016, the study applies the Engle-Granger cointegration technique and Granger causality tests to evaluate long-term and short-term relationships between exports and GDP growth. Empirical results reveal the existence of at least one cointegrating vector, confirming a stable long-run equilibrium relationship between exports and economic growth. Moreover, bidirectional causality is identified, indicating mutual reinforcement between export activity and GDP growth. These findings underscore the importance of adopting export-oriented strategies and market diversification policies to support Georgia’s economic trajectory. The study provides critical insights for policymakers, investors, and international trade bodies interested in leveraging exports as a core pillar of economic development in emerging and transitioning markets.
Marketing Decision-Making, Promotion Mix, Telecommunication Industry, Case Study, Albania, Consumer Behavior
Exploring the Potential of Affiliate Marketing for Online News Portals in Albania
This paper explores the strategic and economic potential of affiliate marketing as a revenue-generating model for online news portals in Albania. As traditional advertising revenues decline, media organizations increasingly seek alternative monetization methods compatible with the digital landscape. Affiliate marketing—a performance-based model where publishers earn commissions for directing traffic or sales to advertisers—presents a scalable, low-risk opportunity for digital media platforms. Focusing on prominent Albanian news websites, the study investigates how affiliate strategies can be effectively implemented to enhance business sustainability while preserving editorial integrity. Key research questions include identifying the most appropriate affiliate models (CPC, CPA, CPL), determining content formats best suited for affiliate integration, and evaluating the readiness of Albanian digital infrastructure and audience behavior for such models. Using a descriptive research methodology and qualitative insights from local market practices, the findings suggest that affiliate marketing offers viable revenue diversification potential for Albanian media. However, success depends on transparency, audience trust, and alignment between content and commercial partnerships. The study provides actionable recommendations for digital media entrepreneurs, marketing strategists, and policy stakeholders aiming to foster innovation and economic resilience in Albania’s online media sector.
Affiliate Marketing, Online News Portals, Digital Media Strategy, Performance Marketing, Albania, E-commerce Potential
Determinants of Consumer Switching Behavior Towards Hybrid Electric Vehicles in Jordan: A Customer Perspective
Purpose: This paper investigates the key factors influencing Jordanian consumers' decisions to switch from Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (ICEVs) to Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) during the period of 2010-2014. Design/methodology/approach: A self-administered survey was distributed to car users across Jordan, yielding 333 valid responses from an initial sample of 400, demonstrating a high response rate of 83.25%. Findings: The study found no significant gender-based difference in switching behavior. Fuel consumption efficiency emerged as the primary driver for switching to HEVs, followed by eco-friendliness, lower taxes, and advanced technological features. Conversely, price and market trends were the least influential supporting factors. Major impediments to HEV adoption included concerns about battery life, limited market choices, insufficient information, and apprehension regarding the relatively new technology. Research limitations/Implications: Future research should explore additional factors such as perceived image, trust, and subjective norms, along with the evolving importance of environmental awareness and new technologies. Comparative international studies could offer valuable insights for cross-cultural consumer behavior analysis and global marketing strategies. Practical implications: The findings provide crucial insights for marketers to address consumer concerns by enhancing information dissemination and building awareness about HEV technology's societal and environmental benefits. Originality/value: This study is among the first in Jordan to specifically examine customer switching behavior in the context of vehicle technology. It contributes to consumer behavior literature by elucidating the determinants of switching towards hybrid vehicles and their role in the consumer decision-making process.
Consumer Switching Behavior, Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs), Vehicle Adoption, Consumer Decision Making, Jordan, Automotive Market
Fiscal Expenditure and Education Quality in China: A Regional Heterogeneity Analysis
This study analyzes the impact of fiscal expenditure on education quality across Chinese provinces, focusing on the regional heterogeneity of policy effectiveness. Utilizing panel data from 2008 to 2016 and applying a two-way fixed effects model, we identify a consistent and significant positive relationship between fiscal input—particularly education-specific spending—and provincial education outcomes. This association remains robust after controlling for economic growth, industrial structure, and demographic factors. To capture spatial variations, the dataset is disaggregated into eastern and non-eastern (western and central) regions. The heterogeneity analysis reveals that fiscal expenditure yields stronger improvements in education quality in non-eastern provinces, where government spending appears to be a more efficient and impactful tool for human capital development. In contrast, fiscal inputs in more economically advanced eastern regions have a limited marginal effect on educational outcomes, implying diminishing returns and the potential necessity for non-monetary or structural reforms. These findings underscore the importance of regionally tailored policy design in maximizing the returns on public investment in education and highlight fiscal policy as a strategic lever in addressing regional disparities in human development.
Fiscal Expenditure, Education Quality, China, Regional Disparity, Panel Data, Policy Efficiency
From Waste to Value: The Economic Impact of Circular Economy Practices on SDG Achievement in Spain’s Tire Industry
This study explores the intersection of circular economy practices and sustainable development within the framework of stakeholder theory, emphasizing the strategic importance of waste valorization for achieving long-term socio-economic objectives. Focusing on the case of used tires in Spain, the research evaluates how public and private sector actors contribute to the implementation of circular economy policies and their alignment with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Drawing on recent developments in industrial ecology and sustainable waste management, the paper analyzes the value generated through tire recycling initiatives, considering both environmental outcomes and economic returns. The role of stakeholder collaboration—across government bodies, manufacturers, and recycling firms—is critically examined to assess how these efforts collectively impact specific SDGs. Findings indicate significant progress in areas such as responsible consumption, climate action, and innovation, while also identifying gaps in regulatory coordination and infrastructure. This case demonstrates how the circular economy can serve as a catalyst for sustainable industrial transformation and provides insights for policymakers and industry leaders aiming to integrate sustainability into economic planning.
Circular Economy, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Waste Management, Tire Recycling, Stakeholder Engagement, Spain, Industrial Ecology
The Role of Networking and Institutional Support in the International Performance of Bulgarian Enterprises
This study examines how networking and institutional support mechanisms influence the international performance and competitiveness of Bulgarian enterprises, with a particular focus on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Drawing on data from a nationally representative survey, the analysis accounts for firm-level differences in size, sector, location, ownership structure (family vs. non-family), and entrepreneur characteristics such as age and gender. The research investigates how participation in business networks contributes to access to public support services, knowledge exchange, and strategic partnerships that facilitate internationalization. It also explores the extent to which personal attributes of entrepreneurs correlate with both network engagement and the likelihood of seeking institutional support. Findings suggest that active involvement in formal and informal networks, coupled with targeted institutional backing, significantly enhances the international competitiveness of SMEs. Based on these results, the paper proposes actionable policy and managerial recommendations to improve the internationalization readiness of Bulgarian enterprises. These insights contribute to the broader understanding of how non-market mechanisms and institutional infrastructure can shape economic performance in emerging markets.
Networking, Institutional Support, Internationalization, SME Performance, Entrepreneurial Characteristics, Bulgaria
Factors Influencing Creditworthiness and Loan Repayment Among Small-Holder Farmers in Sri Lanka: A Probit Model Analysis
This study investigates the determinants of creditworthiness and loan repayment performance among 113 small-holder agricultural loan borrowers from the SANASA TCCS in five villages within Sri Lanka's Vavuniya district. Using a structured questionnaire, primary data was collected during 2018/2019. The study employs a binary probit model, with creditworthiness defined as a binary variable (1 for defaulters, 0 for non-defaulters), examining its relationship with demographic, farming, and farmer attribute variables. Descriptive statistics reveal that 43.4% of respondents were defaulters, while 56.6% were non-defaulters. Probit model results indicate several significant factors influencing repayment performance. Among demographic characteristics, age, education level, and number of family members positively impacted repayment. For farming characteristics, income, farm size, land ownership, farming experience, engagement in off-farm activities, loan purpose, and perceived possibility of crop failure positively influenced creditworthiness and repayment at varying significance levels. Additionally, farmers' knowledge about the loan terms and the presence of responsible guarantors were crucial farmer attributes affecting repayment. These findings offer valuable insights for both small-holder farmers and microfinance institutions, enabling better prediction of repayment behavior among new loan applicants and informing future lending decisions.
Creditworthiness, Loan Repayment, Smallholder Farmers, Probit Model, Microfinance, Sri Lanka
Shaping Consumer Preferences: The Role of a Portuguese State-Owned Company in Fish Nutritional Education
A fundamental human need is ensuring an adequate diet for energy and metabolic function. This paper examines Docapesca – Portos e Lotas, SA, a Portuguese state-owned company in the fish sector, highlighting its proactive role in consumer nutritional education, a strategy with significant marketing and economic implications. Portugal's high fish consumption, ranking third globally, underscores the importance of this initiative, given fish's rich nutritional profile including high-quality protein, essential vitamins A and D, and vital Omega-3 fatty acids. While Docapesca's core functions include organizing the first sale of fish on mainland Portugal and supporting the fishing harbor sector, a key objective is to influence consumer preferences through nutritional education and knowledge transfer regarding healthy food and diet. This encompasses social responsibility, quality assurance, societal cooperation, and environmental stewardship as integral to its mission. Drawing on privileged state information and in-depth interviews with key decision-makers, this study analyzes Docapesca's strategies. Findings, based on data from the entire Portuguese population with a focus on younger generations (16-34 years old), reveal a profound shift in consumer perception: Portuguese consumers now view fish as more than a commodity, recognizing its enhanced value stemming from Docapesca's educational efforts. This demonstrates how state-led initiatives can positively shape market demand and consumer behavior for health-promoting products.
Consumer Behavior, Nutritional Marketing, Public Policy, Food Economics, Brand Perception, State-Owned Enterprises, Fish Market
Financial Governance and Strategic Planning for Sustainable NGO Operations
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) play a vital role in addressing societal challenges, yet their long-term viability depends critically on effective financial governance. This study examines the intersection of economic management and organizational sustainability in the NGO sector, where constrained resources, donor dependency, and limited financial expertise often create operational vulnerabilities. Through an analysis of financial practices across 42 NGOs in transitional economies, we identify three fundamental pillars of sustainable financial governance: (1) strategic resource allocation systems, (2) risk-aware fiscal policies, and (3) transparency-enhancing mechanisms. Our findings demonstrate that NGOs implementing integrated financial planning frameworks achieve 28-35% greater budgetary efficiency and report 40% fewer compliance incidents compared to peers relying on ad hoc approaches. Case evidence reveals that the most sustainable organizations employ four key strategies: diversified funding portfolios (adopted by 62% of high-performing NGOs), digital financial monitoring tools (55%), staff financial capacity-building programs (48%), and stakeholder-inclusive budgeting processes (41%). These practices collectively reduce external funding dependency by 22% while improving donor confidence metrics by 37 percentage points. The study develops a diagnostic toolkit for assessing NGO financial health across five dimensions: liquidity resilience, cost-effectiveness, reporting quality, internal controls, and strategic alignment. We argue that institutionalizing these financial governance principles enables NGOs to amplify their social impact while navigating the complex trade-offs between mission focus and fiscal responsibility. Practical recommendations are offered for policymakers, donors, and NGO leaders seeking to strengthen the economic foundations of civil society organizations.
NGO sustainability, financial governance, nonprofit management, strategic budgeting, fiscal transparency, donor relations, resource optimization, organizational resilience
The Hidden Costs of Workaholism: Economic and Psychological Consequences in Micro Family Businesses
This study examines the dual economic and psychological effects of workaholism in micro-sized, family-owned enterprises (1–9 employees). Drawing on 64 in-depth qualitative interviews with multi-generational family business owners, selected through quota sampling, we uncover pervasive workaholic behaviors—including excessive work hours (reported by 78% of respondents), emotional dependency on business performance (65%), and blurred work-life boundaries (57%). These tendencies generate significant economic trade-offs: while short-term dedication may drive productivity, long-term consequences include heightened volatility (22% greater fluctuations in output) and strained employee relations (35% higher turnover rates). Psychologically, compulsive work habits correlate with burnout and impaired strategic decision-making, undermining both personal well-being and organizational resilience. Our analysis reveals a self-reinforcing cycle where workaholism, often perceived as entrepreneurial commitment, inadvertently jeopardizes business sustainability. To counter this, we propose a three-pronged intervention framework emphasizing (1) structured work-hour boundaries, (2) performance detachment techniques, and (3) proactive succession planning. These strategies aim to preserve entrepreneurial vigor while mitigating systemic risks. The study advances the discourse on mental health in small business economics, offering empirically grounded recommendations for family enterprises and policymakers seeking to balance productivity with sustainable management practices.
workaholism, micro-family businesses, entrepreneurial well-being, small business sustainability, work-life balance, compulsive entrepreneurship, psychological economics