European Journal of Formal Sciences and Engineering
European Journal of Formal Sciences and Engineering (EJFE) by Revistia, is an open access peer reviewed research journal. EJFE welcomes and acknowledges high quality theoretical and empirical original research papers in the field of Engineering and Formal Sciences, case studies, review papers, literature reviews, book reviews, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, technical note from researchers, academicians, professional and practitioners from all over the World.
Innovated water-reuse through redistribution schema, benefits and challenges
The drought regarding a climate forecast Albanian departments have marked the past three months were the result of winter rainfall that was insufficient for replenishing water tables this year and before . We often say that water shortages are not a threat for our country due to plenty water sources . It's possible to think this when we compare our situation to that in other countries. Still , in some regions the availability of water resources is becoming an urgent problem, even more so if we link this to the different scenarios tied to climate change. Each basin has specificities, but some general evolutions should be planned for ,increase in water demand due to the rise in temperatures , causing an increase in the price of water and usage conflicts , change in the amount of the available water resources , changes in the flow of waterways and the aquifer recharge ,decrease in water quality ( meaning a concentration of pollutants and a weakening in self-purification capacities) rise in nitrates in waterways and in aquifers may occur, as well as increased salinity levels ,increase in the vulnerability of certain ecosystems due to the rise in the risk of erosion, flooding and salting. This paper aims to introduce the benefits and challenges of applying at homes or communal buildings of an Eco-innovation , through developing a new inside distribution of wastewater so that it concludes into sustainable development of inside communal water distribution , therefore recycling inside the house . The main objective of the study is to make evident the cost- efficiency importance of these re-distribution systems , and how they affect improvement in water needs sector , highlighting the deficiencies that cause their not fully-efficient re-use of grey inside water and the positive impact on the potable water saving .
Copyright (c) 2021 European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Solve Complex Simulations to Enhance Product Performance in Naval Industry
Overview Engineering successful, innovative products in today’s competitive environment requires simulation power. The ability to analyze the multifaceted physical performance characteristics of a design before making a prototype can substantially increase productivity. Companies need robust simulation tools to efficiently overcome time, budget, and quality demands. The aim of this paper there is to present an inovative tool for project design SolidWorks® Simulation delivers powerful simulation capabilities that can solve complex analysis problems, helping us to design better, more innovative products faster and more cost-effectively. Also throught this article will be presented the results achived on structure analyse of composite materials used for small boats and yahts production.
The Investigation the Effects of the Performance of an Independent Emotion Recognition of Model Used in the Dimensioning of Emotions
Emotion recognition aims at determining the state of emotion which is included in the speech or mimics of a person. Emotion recognition from speech is an area related to signal processing and psychology. Acoustic parameters obtained from speech signals through acoustic analysis, which is one of objective evaluation methods, is intensively used in emotion recognition studies. In this paper success in emotion recognition is examined in categorical aspects and the impact of dimensional model on independent emotion recognition success is investigated. Acoustic parameters were subjected to classification with Support Vector Machine in order to determine emotion recognition success. According to the obtained findings, emotion recognition success in categorical structure, dimensional structure and categorical-dimensional structure were 69.5 percent, 73.3 percent and 87.1 percent, respectively. Even if dimensional structure is higher in arousal than in valence, when emotion recognition success is examined on each emotion dimension, valence provided higher success.
Application of Z-Numbers Based Approach to Project Risks Assessment
At every phase of the project management process various risks originate owing to occurrence of uncertain events. In this research, we are analyzing potentialities of the Z-numbers in improving the quality of risk assessment. Risk assessment uses probability theory, theory of possibilities, fuzzy approach, Z-number based approach etc. Combined risk measure based on probability and consequence is calculated by applying the disjoint events probability formula or as a product of events. Reliability of relevant information unaccounted in this approach and this circumstance limits the descriptive power of the approach. Suggested by L. Zade a bi-component Z-number Z = (A, B) represents in a unified way a restriction on the values of the uncertain variable (A) and its certainty (B) and allows to take into account the reliability of information. Prediction identical to (High, Very Sure) can be formalized as a Z- evaluation “X is Z (A,B)”, where X is random variable of Risk Likelihood, A and B are fuzzy sets, describing soft constraints on a risk likelihood and a partial reliability, respectively. Usually, A and B are sense-based and in effect are imprecise.Z-number describes a probability of threat as: Likelihood =Z1(High,Very Sure),where A is expressed by linguistic terms High, Medium, Low, and B is expressed by terms Very Sure, Sure and so on. Similarly, ?onsequence measure is described as ?onsequence measure = Z2 (Low, Sure).Risk levels (Z12) is calculated as the product of the likelihood (Z1) and consequence measures (Z2).Effectiveness of the approach illustrated by examples. A general and computationally effective approach suggested to computation with Z-numbers allows using Z-information for the solving decision-making problem which can be utilized for risk factors estimation.. Application of the Z-number based approach for a project risks assessment increases adequacy of the risks representation due to better approximation of the combined effects
The comparison of MCDM Methods including AHP, TOPSIS and MAUT with an Application on Gender Inequality Index
Gender Inequality Index is a major indicator presenting level of development of the countries as Human Development Index, which is calculated regularly every year by UN. In this study, an alternative calculation has been proposed for measuring gender inequality index which is an important barrier for the human development. Each indicator in the index integrated as MAUT- AHP and also AHP-TOPSIS and these methods carried out again for the alternative ranking member and candidate countries of the European Union. The main objective here is to represent that the indicators form gender inequality index can be reclassified with different weights for each indicator.
Geographic Information System(GIS) and Roadeng Usage to Determine the Environmentally Sensitive Forest Road Route in Mountainous Terrain
Road between two known points and placing the various economic and environmental factors that require consideration is a highly complex engineering problems. Engineers, soil conservation and water resources, taking into account the total road construction, maintenance and handling cost is the lowest of the route is difficult to determine. Forest road construction and maintenance costs of raw wood is a significant proportion of the total cost of production. Of forest road network planning, forest villages transportation, production work, social needs, providing transportation to the recreation area, depending on the functional use of forests that are made according to the purpose. In this study, by using GIS and Roadeng Technology planning forest road network planning was make zero line, curve, longitudinal profiles, cross sections, such as the amount of excavation and filling all the planning criteria are determined. Roadeng of software for planning of forest roads; surveillance, compliance of the terrain and the location of the module were investigated. Look at the slope of the land and river maps with GIS software has been created.Roadeng numerical software made its way forest we have done with classical methods and technical processes are automatically offers more detailed and more quickly practitioners do on computers.
Microbiological Comparison of Royal Jelly and Chlorhexidine 0.2 percent
The aim of this paper is to evaluate the antibacterial property of royal jelly and chlorhexidine 0.2 percent. As a methodology, in our study, we used piastres in blood agar, where the holes in the agar field were made through a glass pipette, sterile "Paster", in a diameter of 7 mm. Used a bacterial culture of Streptococcus gr. D (Enterococcus faecalis) in a concentration of 105, which was distributed in sterile condition, using a sterile tampon, according to the method of diffusion in agar. As a result, we used a ruler for the measurement of inhibition areas: -in the royal jelly’s hole, the radius of inhibition resulted 14 mm, -in the chlorhexidine’s hole, the radius of inhibition resulted 20 mm. Based on the results obtained from our study, presented facts to use the royal jelly and chlorhexidine 0.2 percent in the dental practice. As a conclusion, we can say that the royal jelly contains important elements with antibacterial action compared to the chlorhexidine one.
The Decision-Making Approach Based on the Combination of Entropy and Rov Methods for the Apple Selection Problem
Apple juice concentrate is the second consumed fruit juice all around the world, behind the orange juice concentrate. The characteristics of the apple juice concentrate namely the acidity level and the sweetness of the processed product vary depending on the variety of the apple. So the selection of the most appropriate apple among the alternatives in the fresh market is not easy task for food companies. This selection may be handled as Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) problem. This paper presents the new decision making approach based on two MCDM methods, Entropy and ROV (Range of Value), for the apple selection problem of a food company that produces apple juice concentrate. Entropy method determines the weights of the criteria whereas ROV method ranks the alternatives. The invention of this paper is Entropy and ROV are combined firstly in the literature.
Environmental Impacts Assessment of Chromium Minings in Bulqiza Area, Albania
Bulqiza District is the largest chromium source, ranked fourth in the world for chrome reserves. It lays in the north-eastern part of Albania, 330-1800 m a.s.l, with 728 km² area, between 41o30’43.1N and 20o14’56.21E. There are 136 entities with chromium extraction activity and around the city of Bulqiza (2.6 km² and 13000 inhabitants), there are 33 entities. The aim of the study was the identification of the environmental state and environmental impact assessment of chromium extraction (chromite mining) and giving recommendations to minimize the negative effects of this activity. Field observations, questionnaires, chemical analysis of soil and water, meetings and interviews with central and local institutions as well as with residents were used for the realization of the study. The obtained results showed that chromium extraction causes numerous irreversible degradation of the environment in the Bulqiza area, such as the destruction of surface land layers and erosion, destruction of flora and fauna, soil and water pollution, health problems, unsustainable use and reduction of chromium reserves, etc. The inert waste that emerges after the chromium partition is discharged to the earth surface without any regularity, covering the surface of the soil and flora, leading to irreversible degradation of the environment. Most of the mining entities do not respect the contracts and environmental permit issued by the Ministry of Energy and Industry (MEI).
Measurements of Standby Power Consumption of Domestic Appliances in Albania
Nearly all modern domestic appliances used in typical homes consume some energy when they are left on standby mode or even switched off. I investigated the variation in standby power consumption in five homes in Korça city. The typical standby energy loss for studied homes ranged from 8–115 W, with an average of 37 W. This corresponded to 3 percent-20 percent of the homes annual electricity use. This loss and the associated cost are not high enough to get noticed by the consumer. However, when such power losses of all domestic appliances are aggregated at the level of a country, the amount becomes significant and cannot be ignored. The appliances with the largest standby losses were coffee machines, televisions, set-top boxes and printers. They account for a significant proportion of the electricity consumption in more and more Albanian households. The wide variation in the standby power of appliances providing the same benefits indicates that producers are able to reduce standby losses without degrading performance. The standby power consumption of various domestic appliances was determined using an energy smart meter and data-logger connected with a computer. The purpose of this paper is to estimate how much power is wasted in a typical Albanian home due to household appliances being in the standby mode.
Comparison of Different Time and Frequency Domain Feature Extraction Methods on Elbow Gesture’s EMG
Objective:In this study we will get EMG signals from arm for different elbow gestures, than filtering the signal and later classification the signal. The reason for doing is that, EMG signals are used for many rehabilitation and assistive prostheses of paralyzed or injured people. Methods:Filtering a biological signal is the key point for these type studies. Filtering the EMG signals needed and starts with the elimination of the 50 Hz mains supply noise. After filtering the signal, feature extraction will be applied for both wrist flexion and wrist extension cases. There are many feature extraction methods for time and frequency domain. After feature extraction, classification of hand movements will be studied using extracted features. Classification is made using K Nearest Neighbor algorithm. The dataset used in this study is acquired by the EMG signal acquisition tool and belong to us. Results:90 percent accuracy performance is obtained by K Nearest Neighbor algorithm purposed signal classification. Conclusion:This system is capable of conducting the classification process with a good performance to biomedical studies. So,this structure can be helpful as machine-learning based decision support system for medical purpose.
Intermittency Approach in the Nuclear Collisions of 28Si + AgBr at 14.6A GeV - Nuclear Emulsion Experiment a Particle Detector
A new method has been applied for the study of intermittency in the collisions of 28Si + AgBr at 14.6 A GeV for the produced relativistic charged particles by using the method of mixed factorial moment (MFM). In this paper an analysis has been made for the presence of fractal behavior with three different approaches of Scaled factorial Moments (SFMs) named as- horizontal, vertical and mixed (horizontal and vertical together). The non-statistical fluctuations of relativistic charged particles have been calculated on events with different degree of centrality. These results have been compared with the results of simulated data obtained from UrQMD model and we find a good agreement between experimental data and simulated data.
Examining the Deliquescence of Lithium Salts and Those of Other Alkali Metals Through a Range of Humidity
It is well known that lithium chloride is able to extract moisture from the ambient air. Our research in this area has examined a variety of lithium salts for their ability to do so, as well as their counterparts containing sodium and potassium. Additionally, we have made and utilized chambers that allow us to examine deliquescence of these salts in conditions of various humidity. We will present the results, and how these experiments can be adapted to the teaching of laboratory courses.
Existence and Uniqueness Results for Two-Dimensional Stochastic Linearised Boussinesq Equation
The water flow in saturated zones of the soil is described by two-dimensional Boussinesq equation. This paper is devoted to investigating the linearised stochastic Boussinesq problem in the presence of randomness in hydraulic conductivity, drainable porosity, recharge, evapotranspiration, initial condition and boundary condition. We use the Sabolev spaces and Galerkin method. Under some suitable assumptions, we prove the existence and uniqueness results, as well as, the continuous dependence on the data for the solution of linearised stochastic Boussinesq problem. Keywords: linearised stochastic Boussinesq equation, Galerkin method, existence and uniqueness results, and continuous dependence on the data.
With R Programming, Comparison of Performance of Different Machine Learning Algorithms
Machine Learning (ML) includes automatic calculation procedures based on logical or binary operations that learn a set of tasks. There are statistical approaches in the background of ML's decision process. ML uses statistical theory to construct mathematical models, because the main task is to inference by a set of data. ML programs computers in order to optimize a process based on past experience and / or example data. By ML, desired classifications can be done by computer in a short time and effectively. A model is created and this model can be foreshadowed in future predictions, can be found in explanations, or can be inspected on the basis of available data. ML functions in three different ways. The first is supervised learning, the second is unsupervised learning, and the third is semi-supervised learning. In supervised learning used in this study; a set of data and a training set about the concept to be learned in the system is entered. In the training set, the desired output values are also given for each sample (labeling done). Moving from this information, a relationship is established between input and output. Output values are tried to be estimated or learned by using the values of the input data. The results are classified based on known data and predictions are made on data sets whose results are unknown. In this study, in R programming, machine learning performances are compared. For this purpose, various machine learning algorithms have been applied to real data obtained from the UCI machine learning repository which is a collection of databases, domain theories, and data generators that are used by the machine learning community for the empirical analysis of machine learning algorithms, (UCI was created as an ftp archive in 1987 by David Aha and fellow graduate students at UC Irvine. Since that time, it has been widely used by students, educators, and researchers all over the world as a primary source of machine learning data sets), and classification algorithms have been compared using various criteria. The calculated criteria are; precision, accuracy, sensitivity, and classifi- cation techniques based on the F-scale were compared. As a result of comparisons made, Logistic Regression algorithm is seen that to be more successful than other algorithms. This study is supported by The Bap Unit of Uludag University with the project DDP(?)-2017/8.
Copyright (c) 2021 European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Research on Consumers' Brain Activations by Means of Electroencephalography Method
Marketers are excited about two main reasons that are concerned with neuroelectrical brain imaging. The first reason is that they expect neuroimaging will offer a more efficient exchange between cost and benefit. This expectation is based on the assumption that consumers don’t want to express their preferences explicitly or that it is not possible for them to do this when their preferences are asked; or that consumer' s brain, which is related to real preferences, contains confidential information. Such information is used in theory to influence purchasing behavior. Thus, the cost of performing neuroimaging studies against improved product design and increased sales benefit is outweigh. As the second reason, marketers expect that they will be able to obtain an accurate marketing research method that can be applied even before an existing product. The purpose of this study is to determine the rational influence activation of consumers and to emphasize the deficiency of using traditional method of questionnaire based solely on declaration to understand consumers. Accordingly, volunteer subjects watched an advertisement film and their brain activities were tried to be measured while they were watching the advertisement. This measurement was performed with a 10 channel EEG device. During the research, the emotional responses of participants and their brain activities were measured and EEG patterns were obtained. The obtained data were interpreted by academicians and EEG experts.
Copyright (c) 2017 European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Impact of Human Settlement on Land Use/Land Cover Changes in the Middle River Njoro Sub Watershed in Kenya
This study investigated the use of remote sensing and GIS in evaluating the impacts of human settlement on land use /Land cover changes. The study also investigated the drivers behind the change in the middle of River Njoro sub watershed for a period of 27 years. Drivers of land use change were captured by the use of DPSIR model where Drivers (D) represented human needs, Pressures (P), human activities, State (S), the ecosystem, Impact (I) services from the ecosystem and Response (R), the decisions taken by land users. Land sat MSS and Land sat ETM+ (path 185, row 31) were used in this study. The Land sat ETM+ image (June 1987, May, 2000 and July, 2014) was downloaded from USGS Earth Resources Observation Systems data website. Remote sensing image processing was performed by using ERDAS Imagine 9.1. Three land use/land cover (LULC) classes were established as Human settlement, forest and shrub land. Severe land cover changes was found to have occurred from 1987-2000, where human settlement increased by 52 percent, shrub land reduced by 19 percent, and forestry reduced by 72 percent. In the year 2000 – 2014, human settlement increased by 121 percent, shrub land reduced by 45 percent, and forestry reduced by 64 percent. Forestry and shrub land were found to be consistently reducing while human settlement was increasing. It was evident from the images that the LULC changes with corresponding soil quality deterioration mostly occurred in the upper and middle parts of the Middle river Njoro sub watershed which were initially under forest. To minimize the risk of vegetation destruction and soil degradation, it will be necessary to identify socioeconomic safety nets and initiate restoration of the environment to original pre- catastrophe status.
Evaluation of Hospital Performance with Data Envelopment Analysis
Performance evaluation provides information for lacking organizations and demonstrates how to improve performance for hospitals. Formerly, hospitals had to afford to meet the increased demand of their patients by only decreasing their operational costs. In this parallel most of the hospital was first to cut costs or avoid cases that would likely lose money. However, later health care administrators realized that the appropriate solution to keep their hospitals financially viable was to improve their performance. Efficiency analysis based on optimization techniques and their normative structure creates the benchmark for the hospitals. This is one of the most essential requirements of health care industry today. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is a non-parametric linear programming technique that assesses the efficiency frontier by optimizing the weighted outputs to inputs. DEA models can provide the new solutions to increase the efficiency. DEA identifies the optimal ways of efficiency for each of the hospital rather than the averages. Since this is an appropriate way to understand the individual hospital efficiency, DEA provide the significant findings for the improvement process of hospitals. Hospitals can not only find their efficiency level, but also discover the alternative solutions to eliminate the inefficiency causes. The results of this study have also provided meaningful insights into Turkish health care managers’ views of the interaction between efficiency and health care expenditures. It is expected that the findings will provide guidance for health care providers. Results also might be beneficial for other researchers in this area.
Testing a Methodologic Approach to Territory Categorization Using Census Data
The more traditional perspective in Geography views territory as a dichotomous reality of sociodemographic and biophysical characteristics yet, literature states that both territorial dimensions coexist and interact. The number of indicators for each territorial dimension is vast which makes the territory categorization a complex task. Despite it, territory categorization generates knowledge about the differences between territories that improve the planning process and make it more directed and strategic. This work main goal is to test a methodologic approach to categorize Lisbon Municipality area at the statistical section level, integrating information on the physical and social aspects. For this purpose, multivariate and complementary statistical analysis techniques will be used: Principal Component Analysis (applied to the physical and social aspects of the territory) and Hierarchical Classification Analysis (based in the factors extracted in the Principal Component Analysis). The resulting clusters will then be mapped and its distribution will be tested for spatial autocorrelation.
Helena Guilhermina da Silva Marques Nogueira
Analytical Hierarchy Process as a Decision-Making Model
When the problems we face are complex and affect each other, then the decision making process is more difficult. In most cases we apply established policies or choices without knowing which the best choice is. To make appropriate decisions that can solve the problems encountered should be analyzed very well the reasons that create problems and their reciprocal influence. AHP helps the decision of the people who will decide the problem by taking a hierarchical structure evaluation, opinions, experiences and all information about this problem. This flexible structure enables analytical feelings and instincts to organize and align with a shape that resembles human logic. Thus this analytical flexible structure, allowing to adjust the paper instead of the mind, gives people the opportunity to intervene in the most difficult problems and complex.
Aggregate Impact of the Country in Concrete Durability, that Works in Normal Environmental Conditions
Production and use of durable concrete in reinforced concrete structures is a necessity in our country. In this article it was treated as affecting the characteristics of aggregates in durable concrete production, when they work in normal environmental conditions . To achieve this goal have produced concrete of class C35 / 45 with aggregate taken in careers mountain and river. The other components are the same in mix design concrete. Water-cement ratio is 0.5 and 0:35 realized. Comparisons are made of the resistance to compression and water penetration. Cubes of concrete had been produced and treated in terms shipyard. There have been comparisons of results and following. Today in Durres, even wider, buildings constructed with durable concrete are very few in now days. Geological studies show that the soil in foundation has low retaining capacity for this city due to high friction angle. This is also one of the other factors that Seismicity of the area is very high, up to level 9 ball of Rihter. The purpose of this article is the production of durable concrete with low permeability of water. The project is constructed in our country and in particular in Durres where groundwater level is higher and the use of space efficiently needs to build parking with underground floor.
The sociological, psychological and physiological problems experienced by humanity, which have been exposed to dark offices, high flats and city life far from nature, have been strikingly exposed with researches. In addition, the nature-based design approaches that emerged due to the need to meet the need of humanity for nature and the desire to return to nature have taken their place among the design parameters of the new age in architecture However, concepts where biology and design come together have emerged. Biomimicry is a discipline that explores the best ideas for design processes by imitating nature. It takes all the ecological needs that users expect from architecture directly from the nature. It provides an integration model with the nature that people yearn for, and also creates a model that takes the solutions created by nature in architectural designs as an example. In this period of architectural design turning to nature, biomimicry has the feature of being a pioneer of a new architectural trend by providing designers with a different view of nature. The main purpose of this study is to determine the application areas and basic features of the biomimicry approach in architecture and to create a road map for designer architects. To achieve this goal, a research methodology has been designed to achieve two objectives. First, it will carry out an in-depth research on biomimicry, architecture and environmentally friendly designs with existing literature studies. Secondly, listing the biomimicry designs applied in architecture and classifying them according to their ecological gains to the building. As a result, a guide will be created for the designer architects to provide ease in producing more efficient buildings.
Copyright (c) 2022 European Journal of Medicine and Natural Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Design and Development of Hybrid Converter for Marine Applications
Recently, there has been an increase in the growth and advancement of electric propulsion in marine electrical drives. A maximum amount of energy is utilized by ships for propulsion drives. To be aware of it and develop an optimized structure to improve the effectiveness of the propulsion system with power consumption is necessary. The proposed paper aims to develop a model and perform functional analysis as per the above understanding and requirements. The factors considered include greenhouse gas emissions, CO2 emissions, environmental aspects, and the availability of non-renewable resources, which leads to the introduction of renewable energy as a replacement method of power generation. For this work, two different renewable sources, such as solar and wind energy, were chosen. The combination of these two resources can manipulate the voltage and satisfy the load in a desirable way. For voltage improvement, a high gain converter with a minimal number of active and passive components is selected. This system adopts a storage system to meet the needs in the future. The inverter switches are controlled by the recommended control algorithm, which can balance and provide adequate power towards the drive by a feedback control loop. The speed of propulsion in the drive is adjusted by the induction motor coupled with the propeller. The analytical study of the proposed system is carried out in MATLAB software. The simulation study revealed the effectiveness of this modern optimization technique.
Copyright (c) 2023 European Journal of Medicine and Natural Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Succession of Heat and Mass Driven Natural Convection Regimes Along a Vertical Impermeable Wall
This paper presents the analysis of the natural convection process that takes place near a vertical plane wall embedded in a constant temperature and linearly mass stratified fluid (the Prandtl number and the Smith number are smaller than 1.0, while the Lewis number is greater than 1.0). The wall has a constant temperature, while the flux of a certain constituent is constant at this boundary. The scale analysis and the finite differences method are used as techniques of work. The scale analysis proves the existence, at equilibrium, of heat and/or mass driven convection regimes along the wall. The finite differences method is used solve the governing equations and to verify the scale analysis results using two particular parameters sets.
Influence of Implementation of Composite Materials in Maritime Industry on CO2 Emission’s Reduction
The future of the composites market looks attractive with opportunities in the transportation, construction, wind energy, pipe - tank, marine, consumer goods, electrical and electronics, aerospace, and others. The composite materials market is expected to reach an estimated $40.2 billion by 2024 and it is forecast to grow at a CAGR of 3.3% from 2019 to 2024. The composite materials that have started to be used in the production of tourist boats, especially those of the yacht type, have proved in practice the designers' expectations for the great advantages they have brought compared to steel. The performance of the new generation ships of this millennium, will require the ever-increasing use of new and innovative materials, to meet the also growing demands of potential buyers of these vehicles. On the other hand, based on the already sanctioned principles of the European Community for the observance of the norms set for CO2 emissions from maritime transport - (Green shipping) in respect of the Kyoto Protocol on Climate Change, it becomes more necessary to produce marine vehicles that significantly reduce the weight of marine vessels, consequently engine power and fuel consumption by significantly reducing CO2 emissions. This study aims to bring a specific analysis of the impact of composite materials to the CO2 emission’s reduction.
Copyright (c) 2021 European Journal of Natural Sciences and Medicine https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Effect of The Blade Pitch Angle of a Small-Scale Vertical Axis Wind Turbine on its Energy Output and Starting Performance
This study investigates the effect of blade pitch angle on energy output and start-up performance in a small-scale vertical-axis wind turbine. The angle of the blade pitch is an important design factor in wind turbines since it directly affects the aerodynamic forces. Therefore, different pitch angles can alter the turbine's efficiency and its ability to start operating independently. A small-scale wind turbine designed in a laboratory environment was used in the study. Experiments were conducted at three different blade pitch angles under constant wind conditions. Energy output was calculated by measuring the voltage and current values produced. Initial performance was evaluated based on the turbine's start-up time. Additionally, the results show a pitch angle increase of 5 to 10.72 degrees, which improves the efficiency of the system. Pitch angle increases from 5 to 10.72 degrees, increasing power output. The power output and the system's associated power efficiency both dropped between 10.72 and 20 degrees.
Copyright (c) 2026 European Journal of Formal Sciences and Engineering https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Pulse Duration as the Gatekeeper of Temporal Resolution in Ultrafast Measurements of Electron Dynamics
This extended essay investigates the critical role of pulse duration in ultrafast laser systems and its influence on the temporal resolution of measurements regarding attosecond and femtosecond-scale electron dynamics. While the fundamental premise suggests that shortening pulse duration allows scientists to "freeze" electron motion, this research demonstrates that realized experimental resolution is not defined by pulse width alone. Instead, effective temporal resolution Δtₑff emerges from a complex quadrature sum of independent variables, including pump and probe durations, arrival-time jitter, and instrument response timing. Through a synthesis of theoretical frameworks—such as the time-energy uncertainty principle and the Fourier limit—and an analysis of techniques like tr-ARPES and Ultrafast Electron Diffraction (UED), the study highlights the inevitable trade-offs between temporal precision and energy resolution. The findings indicate that while pulse duration establishes the theoretical lower bound of resolution, practical advancement requires system-level engineering focused on synchronization and jitter suppression rather than pulse compression alone. Ultimately, the essay argues that achieving high-fidelity measurement is less about minimizing a single parameter and more about managing the total instrument function to accurately resolve the causal history of electronic processes.
Copyright (c) 2025 European Journal of Formal Sciences and Engineering https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Modernizing Lean in the Automotive Industry: A Literature Review of Digitalization, Resilience, and Sustainability
Lean manufacturing has long been a central paradigm of efficiency and competitiveness in the automotive industry. However, the accelerating pressures of digital transformation, global supply chain disruptions, and sustainability imperatives are challenging and reshaping traditional lean practices. This literature review synthesizes recent scholarly research on lean manufacturing in the automotive sector, focusing on three critical themes: digitalization, resilience, and sustainability. Findings suggest that lean is no longer understood merely as a set of efficiency-oriented tools but as an evolving system that must integrate data-driven technologies, risk-management strategies, and environmental and human-centered concerns. The review highlights key tensions between efficiency and resilience, simplicity and digital complexity, and cost reduction and sustainability. It concludes with an integrative framework for lean’s modernization and identifies promising directions for future research in the automotive context.
The Second Great Disruption? Artificial Intelligence, Technological Unemployment, and Policies for a Resilient Workforce – A literature Review
Artificial intelligence (AI) is becoming a general-purpose technology, like the steam engine or electrification. However, it is being used more quickly than ever before. This makes it harder for businesses, workers, and governments to make changes in a short amount of time. Public discourse typically depicts AI as a driver of extensive displacement; however, empirical evidence suggests a more intricate path. AI is more likely to change how people do their jobs than to take away jobs altogether. This is true in many countries and industries. This article situates AI within the historical narrative of technological unemployment, incorporates recent data on exposure, skills demand, and job quality, and evaluates policy frameworks that can transform productivity potential into broadly shared advantages. The International Labour Organization (ILO), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the World Economic Forum (WEF), LinkedIn workforce analytics, and the McKinsey Global Institute all say that clerical work is where most people come into contact with AI. A lot of workers say they are happier at work when they use AI, but not enough people have the right skills. The study shows a "complement-then-substitute" path: AI improves human skills at first, but it could eventually replace some jobs without immediate retraining. To keep inequality from getting worse, policy needs to make lifelong learning more common, protect workers, and encourage countries to work together..
Minimizing Material Usage While Preserving Strength: Hybrid Genetic and Topology Optimization Approaches in Additive Manufacturing
Additive manufacturing technology has enabled the fabrication of intricate geometric constructs utilizing novel methodologies. Nonetheless, the optimization of material utilization while concurrently preserving structural integrity remains a pivotal technical endeavor. This investigation delves into the mathematical principles underlying topology optimization methodologies and their amalgamation with biomimetic lattice configurations. A comprehensive examination of four principal topology optimization methodologies—SIMP, BESO, Level Set, and ESO—is provided. An evaluative comparison of the advantages, disadvantages, and applications of each methodology is conducted. While SIMP demonstrates superiority in computational efficiency, BESO enhances the clarity of material boundaries. Level Set is useful for shapes that are hard to picture, while ESO is useful in the early stages of the design process. The study delves deeper into the traits of lattice structures inspired by natural forms and examines approaches to enhance their functional capabilities. Combining evolutionary algorithms with topology optimization is a good idea since it lets you search the entire design space while also making small improvements at the same time. The current literature indicates that the hybrid SIMP-GA methodology has attained roughly 7% enhanced compliance levels in comparison to conventional gradient-based strategies. This theoretical investigation integrates mathematical methodologies that optimize the efficiency of additive manufacturing while safeguarding structural integrity.